Glossary
A1C
A blood test that measures average blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months.
A blood test that measures average blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months.
Glossary
Adult-Onset Diabetes
Outdated term for type 2 diabetes.
Outdated term for type 2 diabetes.
Glossary
Alpha Cells
A type of cell in the pancreas that makes and releases a hormone called glucagon.
A type of cell in the pancreas that makes and releases a hormone called glucagon.
Glossary
Beta Cells
Cells in the pancreas that make insulin.
Cells in the pancreas that make insulin.
Glossary
Blood Glucose
The main sugar found in the blood and the body's main source of energy. Also called blood sugar.
The main sugar found in the blood and the body's main source of energy. Also called blood sugar.
Glossary
Blood Glucose Level
The amount of glucose (sugar) in a given amount of blood. It is reported as the number of milligrams of glucose in a deciliter of blood, or mg/dL.
The amount of glucose (sugar) in a given amount of blood. It is reported as the number of milligrams of glucose in a deciliter of blood, or mg/dL.
Glossary
Blood Glucose Meter
A hand-held machine that tests blood glucose levels. A drop of blood, obtained by pricking a finger, is placed on a small strip that is inserted in the meter which measures and displays the blood glucose level.
A hand-held machine that tests blood glucose levels. A drop of blood, obtained by pricking a finger, is placed on a small strip that is inserted in the meter which measures and displays the blood glucose level.
Glossary
Blood Glucose Monitoring
Checking blood glucose (blood sugar) levels on a regular basis in order to manage diabetes. A blood glucose meter is needed for frequent blood glucose monitoring.
Checking blood glucose (blood sugar) levels on a regular basis in order to manage diabetes. A blood glucose meter is needed for frequent blood glucose monitoring.
Glossary
Carbohydrate
One of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide carbohydrate include starches, breads, vegetables, fruits, milk products, and sugars.
One of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide carbohydrate include starches, breads, vegetables, fruits, milk products, and sugars.
Glossary
Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE)
A healthcare professional with expertise in diabetes education who has met eligibility requirements and successfully completed a certification exam.
A healthcare professional with expertise in diabetes education who has met eligibility requirements and successfully completed a certification exam.
Glossary
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
An emergency condition in which extremely high blood glucose levels, along with a severe lack of insulin, result in the breakdown of body fat for energy and an accumulation of ketones in the blood and urine. DKA can cause nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, fruity breath odor, and rapid breathing. Untreated DKA can lead to coma and death.
An emergency condition in which extremely high blood glucose levels, along with a severe lack of insulin, result in the breakdown of body fat for energy and an accumulation of ketones in the blood and urine. DKA can cause nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, fruity breath odor, and rapid breathing. Untreated DKA can lead to coma and death.
Glossary
Dose
The amount of a medicine to be taken within a given period.
The amount of a medicine to be taken within a given period.
Glossary
Fat
One of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide fat include butter, margarine, salad dressing, oil, nuts, meat, poultry, fish, and some dairy products. Excess calories are stored as body fat, providing the body with a reserve supply of energy.
One of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide fat include butter, margarine, salad dressing, oil, nuts, meat, poultry, fish, and some dairy products. Excess calories are stored as body fat, providing the body with a reserve supply of energy.
Glossary
Fixed Dose
A specific, unchanging amount of a medicine.
A specific, unchanging amount of a medicine.
Glossary
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. Glucagon raises blood glucose by releasing glucose from liver. Glucagon is also available as an injectable drug for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).
A hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. Glucagon raises blood glucose by releasing glucose from liver. Glucagon is also available as an injectable drug for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).
Glossary
Glucose
The sugar that the body makes from the three elements of food — proteins, fats, and carbohydrates — but mostly from carbohydrates. Glucose is the major source of energy for living cells. Because glucose is carried to each cell through the bloodstream, it is often called "blood glucose" or "blood sugar."
The sugar that the body makes from the three elements of food — proteins, fats, and carbohydrates — but mostly from carbohydrates. Glucose is the major source of energy for living cells. Because glucose is carried to each cell through the bloodstream, it is often called "blood glucose" or "blood sugar."
Glossary
Hyperglycemia
Also called high blood glucose. Hyperglycemia can happen when the body does not have enough insulin or when the body can't use insulin properly. Symptoms may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, blurred vision, and fatigue.
Also called high blood glucose. Hyperglycemia can happen when the body does not have enough insulin or when the body can't use insulin properly. Symptoms may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, blurred vision, and fatigue.
Glossary
Hypoglycemia
Also called low blood glucose. Symptoms may include sweating, trembling, hunger, dizziness, moodiness, confusion, and blurred vision.
Also called low blood glucose. Symptoms may include sweating, trembling, hunger, dizziness, moodiness, confusion, and blurred vision.
Glossary
Incretin Mimetic
A class of type 2 diabetes drugs that "mimic" the effects of naturally occurring hormones from the intestines and can help the body make more of its own insulin.
A class of type 2 diabetes drugs that "mimic" the effects of naturally occurring hormones from the intestines and can help the body make more of its own insulin.
Glossary
Insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas by beta cells, which is necessary for glucose (blood sugar) to be able to enter certain cells of the body and be used for energy.
A hormone produced in the pancreas by beta cells, which is necessary for glucose (blood sugar) to be able to enter certain cells of the body and be used for energy.
Glossary
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Outdated term for type 1 diabetes.
Outdated term for type 1 diabetes.
Glossary
Insulin Resistance
The body's inability to respond to and use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance may be linked to obesity, hypertension, and high levels of fat in the blood.
The body's inability to respond to and use the insulin it produces. Insulin resistance may be linked to obesity, hypertension, and high levels of fat in the blood.
Glossary
Ketones
Chemical substances that are made by the body when fat is used as a fuel source instead of glucose. When ketones build up to a great extent in the body, serious illness or coma can result.
Chemical substances that are made by the body when fat is used as a fuel source instead of glucose. When ketones build up to a great extent in the body, serious illness or coma can result.
Glossary
Liver
A large organ in the body that has many functions, including the production and storage of glucose.
A large organ in the body that has many functions, including the production and storage of glucose.
Glossary
Non-Insulin–Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
Outdated term for type 2 diabetes.
Outdated term for type 2 diabetes.
Glossary
Metformin
The generic name for an oral anti-diabetic medicine (brand name: Glucophage®) that works by decreasing the amount of glucose that your liver makes on its own. It also works by making the cells in your body more sensitive to the insulin in your body.
The generic name for an oral anti-diabetic medicine (brand name: Glucophage®) that works by decreasing the amount of glucose that your liver makes on its own. It also works by making the cells in your body more sensitive to the insulin in your body.
Glossary
Pancreas
An organ located behind the lower part of the stomach that produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, and releases them into the bloodstream to help control blood glucose levels. The pancreas also produces digestive enzymes.
An organ located behind the lower part of the stomach that produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, and releases them into the bloodstream to help control blood glucose levels. The pancreas also produces digestive enzymes.
Glossary
Protein
One of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide protein include meat, poultry, fish, cheese, milk, dairy products, eggs, and dried beans. Proteins are also used in the body to build cells, to create insulin and other hormones, and other functions.
One of the three main nutrients in food. Foods that provide protein include meat, poultry, fish, cheese, milk, dairy products, eggs, and dried beans. Proteins are also used in the body to build cells, to create insulin and other hormones, and other functions.
Glossary
Sharps Container
A container for disposal of used needles and syringes; often made of hard plastic so that needles cannot poke through.
A container for disposal of used needles and syringes; often made of hard plastic so that needles cannot poke through.
Glossary
Sulfonylurea
A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas to make more insulin. Examples include Amaryl® (glimepiride), Glucotrol® (glipizide), and Micronase® (glyburide).
A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas to make more insulin. Examples include Amaryl® (glimepiride), Glucotrol® (glipizide), and Micronase® (glyburide).
Glossary
Thiazolidinedione
A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that helps lower blood glucose by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Examples include Actos® (pioglitazone) and Avandia® (rosiglitazone).
A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that helps lower blood glucose by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Examples include Actos® (pioglitazone) and Avandia® (rosiglitazone).
Glossary
Type 1 Diabetes
A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a lack of insulin production. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body's immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops most often in young people but can appear in adults and affects 10% of people living with diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to sustain life.
A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a lack of insulin production. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body's immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops most often in young people but can appear in adults and affects 10% of people living with diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to sustain life.
Glossary
Type 2 Diabetes
A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older adults but can appear in young people, and is the most common form of diabetes.
A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently. Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older adults but can appear in young people, and is the most common form of diabetes.
Tracking Your Blood Glucose
Many studies show that the chance of developing diabetes complications goes down when blood glucose (blood sugar) is well controlled. There are two ways of tracking your blood glucose control:
1. Self-monitoring of blood glucose
- Self-monitoring of blood glucose is important and will help you and your healthcare professional determine how well your diabetes is controlled. Blood glucose could be checked 2 hours after the start of a meal to see how well BYETTA is working.
- While you are on BYETTA, it is not necessary to do extra blood glucose monitoring.
- If you have questions about the best times to check your blood glucose, ask your healthcare professional, who can look at all your medicines and recommend exact times.
2. A1C blood test
- This is a test that determines your blood glucose control over the past 3 months. The A1C test gives a 3-month average of your blood glucose levels.
Where should my blood glucose levels be?
The American Diabetes Association has guidelines that help you set goals for your blood glucose. Having better control of your blood glucose can have a positive effect on your overall health. Many studies show that the closer you are to these goals, the better chance you have of avoiding complications with your health.
| Goals for Adults with Diabetes Your healthcare professional may have specific goals just for you |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood Glucose Control | |||||||||
| Adapted from the American Diabetes Association Guidelines 2006 | |||||||||
|
|||||||||
What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) and how do I manage them?
Ask your healthcare professional or dietitian for a list of what you can use to treat hypoglycemia. Be sure you always have at least one type of these items with you. If you develop hypoglycemia, act quickly. Check your blood glucose and treat your hypoglycemia with one of the items from the list in the table below. Wait 15 or 20 minutes and check your blood glucose again. If your blood glucose is still low and your symptoms of hypoglycemia don't go away, repeat this treatment. After you feel better, be sure to eat your regular meals and snacks as planned to keep your blood glucose from going too low.
| Hypoglycemia | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | ||||||||||||
| Adapted from the American Diabetes Association Guidelines 2006 | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
To learn about managing type 2 diabetes with a healthy diet and exercise, click here.
